Tuesday, September 23, 2014

List of the Most Important Definitions for Chapter 4: International Trade (CIE-AS only)



Another one:

1. Absolute advantage: It is when a country is able to produce a particular good or service using fewer resources than another country/ able to produce more of an output using the same amount of resources as another country

2. Balance of payments: An account that summarises all the financial transactions between one country and the rests of the world

3. Bilateral trade: Refers to trade that takes place between two countries

4. Capital account/ financial account (already merged into one): One of the two accounts under the balance of payments which records all the inflows and outflows of money related to portfolio investment and direct investment

5. Common Market: A group of countries which decide to bring their economies closer by allowing free movement of goods, services, labours and capital, imposing common external tariffs and also a more harmonised microeconomic policies (such as EU)

6. Comparative advantage: It is when a country is able to produce a good or service at a lower opportunity cost than another country

7. Common external tariff: It is where all countries within the same trading bloc impose the same level of tariffs against all products that come from non-member countries

8. Current account: One of the two accounts under the balance of payments which is made up of trade in goods, trade in services, investment income and current transfers

9. Current transfers: Payments and receipts of money which are do not involve the transaction for goods and services

10. Custom unions: A group of countries which decide to improve their trade relationships by agreeing to reduce or eliminate tariffs among themselves while at the same time impose a unified tariffs against non-members

11. Deficit: A negative balance when expenditure exceeds income

12. Dumping: The practice of selling a good in another country at a price which is lower than the domestic or sometimes even at below cost

13. Economic/ Monetary Union: A group of countries who decide to bring their economies closer together through the adoption of single currency (such as the Eurozone)

14. Embargo: Ban on imports from particular countries usually upon political and military reasons

15. Exports: Goods and services that are produced domestically in one country and sold to other countries

16. Free trade: Cross border transactions that are not restricted or limited by import control measures

17. Free Trade Area (FTA): A group of countries which promote free trade among themselves but which retain a separate set of trade barriers against other countries

18. Foreign reserves: Monetary assets that are controlled by the central bank which can be used to finance payment imbalances and also stabilise the exchange rate

19. Globalisation: It is the integration of world economies into a single market place where goods and services, labours and capital have greater mobility

20. Imports: Goods and services that are produced in foreign countries and consumed by people in the domestic economy

21. Infant industry argument: The idea that a newly set-up industry should be given time to establish itself until it is more able to compete

22. Invisible balance: Difference between the value of export and import of services

23. Multilateral trade: Refers to trade that takes place between a number of countries

24. Net errors and omissions: Transactions in the balance of payments that go unrecorded

25. Net investment income: Difference between the inflows and outflows of money related to income such as interests, profits and dividends

26. Political union: It is the final stage of an economic integration where member countries no longer have any individual control over monetary and fiscal policy as well as the near-harmonisation of all legal issues (such as the USA, UNITED states)

27. Preferential Trade Area (PTA): It is where a group of countries decide to improve their trade relationships by agreeing to cut tariffs onto some of the products traded among themselves

28. Quota: A physical constraint onto the amount of foreign goods that can be imported into the country

29. Strategic industry: Industries that the government considers to be very important for the country’s economy or safety

30. Sunrise industry/ infant industry: Industries that are new, fast growing and are believed to be very important in the future

31. Sunset industry/ declining industry: Industries that have passed their peak and are now in decline with no realistic hope of recovery

32. Surplus: A positive balance when income exceeds expenditure

33. Tariff: A tax which is levied onto imported products to make them appear artificially more expensive

34. Terms of trade: The ratio of export prices to import prices

35. Trade creation: Creation of new trade as a result of reduction or elimination of trade barriers

36. Trade diversion: It is where a certain amount of trade is lost as a result of the imposition of trade barriers

37. Visible balance: Difference between the value of export and import of goods

38. Voluntary Export Restraints (VER): A decision taken by the exporting country to voluntarily reduce its exports to another country

39. World Trade Organisation (WTO): An organisation set up in 1995 to promote free trade in the world through the reduction of trade barriers

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